The Definition of Natural Experiment in Economics

A  natural experiment  is an empirical or observational study in which the control and experimental variables of interest are not artificially manipulated by researchers but instead are allowed to be influenced by nature or factors outside of the researchers control. Unlike traditional randomized experiments, natural experiments are not controlled by researchers  but rather observed and analyzed. Natural Experiments Versus Observational Studies So if natural experiments are not controlled but rather observed by researchers, what is there to distinguish them from purely observational studies? The answer is that natural experiments still follow the primary principles of experimental study. Natural experiments are most effective when they mimic as closely as possible the existence of test and control groups of controlled experiments, which is to say that there is a clearly defined exposure to some condition in a clearly defined population and the absence of that exposure in another similar population for comparison. When such groups are present, the processes behind natural experiments are said to resemble randomization even when researchers do not interfere. Under these conditions, observed outcomes of natural experiments can feasibly be credited to the exposure meaning that there is some cause for belief in a causal relationship as opposed to simple correlation. It is this characteristic of natural experiments — the effective comparison that makes a case for the existence of a causal relationship — that distinguishes natural experiments from purely non-experimental observational studies. But that is not to say that natural experiments arent without their critics and validation difficulties. In practice, the circumstances surrounding a natural experiment are often complex and their observations will never unequivocally prove causation. Instead, they provide an important inferential method through which researchers can gather information about a research question upon which data might otherwise not be available. Natural Experiments in Economics In the social sciences, particularly economics, the expensive nature and limitations of traditionally controlled experiments involving human subjects has long been recognized as a limitation for the development and progress of the field. As such, natural experiments provide a rare testing ground for economists and their colleagues. Natural experiments are used when such controlled experimentation would be too difficult, expensive, or unethical as is the case with many human experiments. Opportunities for natural experimentation are of the utmost importance to subjects like epidemiology or the study of health and disease conditions in defined populations in which experimental study would problematic, to say the least. But natural experiments are also used by researchers in the field of economics to study otherwise difficult to test subjects and are often possible when there is some change in law, policy, or practice in a defined space like a nation, jurisdiction, or even social group. Some examples of economics research questions that have been studied through natural experimentation include: The return on investment of higher education in American adultsThe effect of military service on lifetime earning  The effect of public smoking bans on hospital admissions Journal Articles on Natural Experiment: The Economic Consequences of Unwed Motherhood: Using Twin Births as a Natural ExperimentNatural and Quasi-Experiments in EconomicsA Natural Experiment in Jeopardy!

Erik Erikson s Theory Of Development Essay - 1635 Words

Many theories have been written on the subject of human development. Each theory has been further postulated and dissected to include: social, emotional, mental, and biological development. Many theoretical approaches and frameworks have been formulated to offer possible explanations for human behavior. It is paramount for social workers to have a working knowledge of these various theoretical approaches in order to identify and assess their client’s needs effectively. Theories provide basic hypotheses for developmental milestones; however, it is the social worker who must assess where the client is in relation to the theoretical framework, and how each client benefits from applying various theories. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to assess a client in relation to the theoretical framework of Erik Erikson’s theory of development and discuss the strengths and limitations of that theory as it relates to the case. Case In order to protect the identity of my client and to maintain the confidentiality standard, the client will be referred to as David. David presents and identifies as a 21-year-old male. Furthermore, David is 6 feet’ 2 inches and average weight. He has brown hair and goes to school for children and adults who have developmentally disabilities. The school teaches David self-sufficiency and various other life skills. David is Caucasian and is a dependent of the court, in Santa Clara County and, assigned to the non-minor dependent department. Currently,Show MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Development Theory1408 Words   |  6 Pages Erik Erikson’s Development theory Erik Erikson’s was born June 15, 1902, in southern Germany, His Jewish mother Karla Abrahamsen and to biological father, who was on unnamed Darnish man. Erikson’s biological abandoned him before he was born. Erikson was brought up by his mother and stepfather, Theodor Homberger, who was Erikson’s pediatrician. He never knew the true identity of his biological father. He always was in search of his identity; Erikson’s search for identity took him through someRead MoreErik Erikson s Development Theory1603 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson’s lifespan development theory has proven to be popular and applicable to many people. However, Erikson’s theory was a bit bias and generalized groups of people whose cultures, genders and environments did not apply to his theory. This paper will focus on Erikson’s last four stages of development, and discuss how each stage may be impacted by these various factors. Identity vs. Role Confusion The adolescence stage of development in Erikson’s theory was labeled as identity vs. role confusionRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. These stages start at birth and end with old age/death. Erikson’s work is used throughout many outlets of social work. Social workers use this information to help them figure out what is going on with clients and how best to help them. Erikson providesRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Greman in 1902-1994, American psychoanalyst; known for psychosocial theory of emotional development of human beings. His theory looks at the impact of parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Erikson believes, each person has to pass through a series of eight stages over there entire life cycle. I will look at the first 3 stages that cover the childhood years. There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1445 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson was an ego psychologists who developed one of the utmost popular and prominent theories of development. While Erikson’s theory was influenced by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud s work, Erikson s theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development. Erik Erikson s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmu nd Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. UnlikeRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1818 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential theories in developmental psychology, which is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. It is a very interesting theory, and although it was influenced by Sigmund Freud, it centers more on the social component rather than the psychosexual stand of Freud. According to Erikson, our personal development occurs as we interact daily with others and have new experiences that shape us throughout our lives. This paper will review the eight stages of the psychosocial theory: 1. TrustRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Human Development Essay1750 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The eight stages of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development is a theory which describes different stages of a person’s life and the challenges which they must overcome in that specific stage (Arnett, 2016). There will be two interviews conducted with individuals that are in age groups ranging from early adulthood to middle adulthood and that are in different stages of Erikson’s theory. The interviews will be connected to the stages Erikson said they should be in accordingRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychological Development2113 Words   |  9 PagesErik Erikson has been classified as one of the greatest and most influential psychoanalysts of all time. His theory is one of the best known theories of psychological development. Erikson’s theory talks about how personalities develop over different stages of life, compared to Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages of life (Sharkey, 1997). One of the greatest reasons why Erikson was interested in psychology was because of things that happened in his early life. Erikson learned a lot from just

Is It Realistic to Expect Marriage to Last Life Time Free Essays

Is it realistic to expect marriage to last lifetime? Marriage suppose to last forever. When we decide to get married, we truly believe that forever will happen. Most of us do not have realistic policy or strategy to know how to make a marriage last lifetime . We will write a custom essay sample on Is It Realistic to Expect Marriage to Last Life Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now marriage is a bond between a woman and a man. One of the major reasons of unhappy marriage is having unrealistic expectations. There are many ways that make marriage last lifetime and will be discussed later in this paper. The first thing to remember is that keeping marriage healthy and happy requires nurturing or caring and energy . marriage contains two human beings who both need to be appreciated ,heard, valued and respected. In building a strong marriage is to treat each other with affection and respect. Affection and respect are essential for long lasting marriage. Meanwhile we should be courteous, tender, and thoughtful to each other and help each other when hard times come. We have to forgive each other because without forgiveness we cannot walk together or cannot live together. However, when we fall in love, we usually think that is all we will need to be happy . In the beginning of relationship we do our best to express our love and good will even when we are upset. In addition, lasting marriage lifetime requires good communication . communication is the ability to express and listen to each other . For instance, when we feel angry, hurt and disappointment; we have to talk to our partner and do our best to resolve our argument as soon as it arises. We have to have mutual respect and trust on each other and we have to convince each other. Successful couples are able to replace the romantic love with a more long lasting love. Marriage is bound to have ups and down . this does not mean marriages cannot be happy. How to cite Is It Realistic to Expect Marriage to Last Life Time, Essays

Web System Development in Travel Agency and Assessment

Question: Describe about the travel agency and their web-based services implementation? Answer: Abstract The paper emphasizes over a scenario of travel agency and their web-based services implementation. Other secondary objectives may be observed as offering many services in one web-based solution, providing dynamic and yet current information about travel location, travel booking online, booking process cancelling or postponing and others. The problem domain is identified as a case study of travel agency organization. The new web-based solution will be designed as a website with several online services. All the organizations are interested over dynamic retail business and online business rather than offering products offline. The existing organizations prefer to implement the website with .net or PHP based application. The navigation bar will have several services options as with travel location booking, travelling location availability checking, checking for available transportation in the location, for better travelling experience sharing; there might be some reviewing options, payme nt options, contact us page. The business process is the main factor for the website designing. When the business is about acting as travelling agent, then the travelling location and the transportation type will be central part of the website designing, whereas, for online shopping website several shopping products will be inseparable part. Therefore, in this context, the website will have a dynamic CSS design for different travel location display, top rated location list, rating based location display and discounts. The web services will be travel location booking. Any user can rate the travelling experience as a feedback to the other website. Travelling agency will have discounts in booking price and travel calendar settings. The travel agency website will require a powerful semantic searching process. The website will have dynamic cloud storage for database and data security. In mobile web application, the users will have better experience in travel site booking and location vie wing. Keywords: Online business, e-commerce, travel agency, m-commerce, threats, future scope, recommendations Introduction The paper emphasizes over a scenario of travel agency ad their web-based services implementation. The main motto of the agency is to provide the customers with friendlier and greater experience. Other secondary objectives may be observed as offering many services in one web-based solution, providing dynamic and yet current information about travel location, travel booking online, booking process cancelling or postponing and others (Zeppel and Beaumont, 2011). The web platform based solution will be maintained with server and database configuration and active directory. The active directory will consider the current organization with several constraints. The constraints will be as considering all the employees, segmenting the several departments as their work culture, maintaining quota and limitations on web services appliances (Broder and Tucker, 2011). These department based work segmentation will help the organization about keeping track of all activities and gain advantage of moni toring employees. First, the literature review will analyze the structural design of any web service and then the review will address the current organization requirements to find the proper design. Later, in the identified solution section, the solution may consider every web aspect of the solution. The solution may have several benefits and risks, threats in the current organization. The analyst will assess all the constraints for the feasible solution selection. Problem Domain The problem domain is identified as a case study of travel agency organization. This particular organization currently has no web-based appliance for their business and activity purpose. They require the web-based application development for providing better and more beautiful customer experience in terms of quick and faster responses. The new web-based solution will be designed as a website with several online services. The services will be according to their business activities. Their website will have a registration process for new customer, then the login process and availing several services. For instance, for newer clients, first, they have to register in the website for login id and password. The client himself may select the password, then after the registration, he or she can view the booking orders, available location for travelling, travel scheduling, cancellation process, payment options compatible with different banks. The website will have attractive and interactive des ign for attracting more users and there may be interesting services as travel calendar selection, discount availing, coupon insertion and others. Moreover, the website must have a state-of-the-art design and operative capability with feedback process. Entire organization will have to select certain security options for both maintaining the server and their services offering. Literature Review Currently, the existing organizations are concentrating over e-commerce and online application development. According to Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier (2015); all the organizations are interested over dynamic retail business and online business rather than offering products offline. Online retail business is always customers first preference, based on some available features and services. Portal is viewed as a special way to introduce the organization and its information to the newer and former customers. As Rodriguez-Molina, Frias-Jamilena and Castaneda-Garcia (2015) discussed that the portal is also an application for providing another related sites access to the users. The electronic commerce in tourism industry offers more scalable and dynamic online portal management and secures services. Portal helps to maintain all the services in one webpage for accessing. The existing organizations prefer to implement the website with .net or PHP based application. However, Salavati and Hashim (2015) opined that the PHP-based website is designed with more design inclusion as dynamic CSS addition, JavaScript usage and others. The interface of the PHP application is much more attractive and better than the .net developed application. Hernandez-Mendez and Munoz-Leiva (2015) suggested that .net based applications can have better application features however, the interface design may not be interesting and as well as PHP applications. The dynamic CSS design is the best options for navigation bar configuration in the website. The navigation bar will have several services options as with travel location booking, travelling location availability checking, checking for available transportation in the location, for better travelling experience sharing; there might be some reviewing options, payment options, contact us page. Murphy, Dang and Chen (2015) demonstr ated that these are the primary yet necessary services for any travelling agency to offer. The customers will have to register first time, the customer will be notified with successful registration ID and registration link forwarded. The customer will have open mail browser and click on the website home page link for confirmation purpose. Mohd-Any, Winklhofer and Ennew (2015) confirms that this confirmation process is important for maintaining several customers with registration completion. In the payment section, there will have to be several different bank accounts management for different payment types choice. On the contrary, the website will be having more offers and discounts for increasing craze for travelling yet observing their terms and conditions. Roger-Monzo, Marti-Sanchez and Guijarro-Garcia (2015) prioritized that there will be a terms and conditions section for customer policy maintenance for instance, the customer will have to travel once he or she has confirmed the journey. The journey can be cancelled before confirmation from the client side; if cancellation is confirmed then half of the clients payment will be refunded. Sigala (2015) opined that the policy maintenance is significant for both organization loss incurrence and yet maintaining the travelling process. Studies on the part and effect of the Internet have been directed as of late, especially in the zone of publicizing and marketing. The Internet has ended up being a powerful method for promoting, marketing, conveying products, and data administrations. Shouk, Lim and Megicks (2013) have affirmed that for the promoting business, the Web is both the greatest test and the greatest open door in quite a while. Moreover, the travel and tourism industry is an extremely divided and a data rich business, which makes it particularly open for the advantages that the Internet offers. One of the qualities of tourism items is that it is impalpable, as it were; they cannot be examined before the buy choice is made. The data based nature of the tourism items implies that the Internet, which offers worldwide scope and mixed media capacity, is a perfect correspondence vehicle for advancing and dispersing tourism items and administrations. How the Internet changed conventional travel industry in create d nations has been considered. Aldebert, Dang and Longhi (2011) investigated the level of uptake of the web as a marketing apparatus by organizations in the territorial tourism industry segment in Australia. The Chinese tourism industry has built up its online administrations and got some beginning background. China, as a creating nation, has an alternate tourism Ecommerce improvement environment in which boundaries and difficulties are proliferate and are demonstrative of a creating nation. Kimbu and Ngoasong (2013) argued that nevertheless, there are just some example of scrutinizing into the arrangement and assessment of tourism sites in China. Despite the fact that because of general site evaluation, a few productions of results do exist yet they do not particularly address tourism sites in creating nations. Numerous specialists have utilized substance examination to assess the sites of related commercial enterprises. Bradbury (2013) utilized five web indexes to hunt lodging sites in Florida and distinguished 32 distinct components from 36 hotel sites that gave on-line reservations. The 32 components were partitioned into four classifications: advancement and showcasing, administration and data, intelligence and innovation and administration. Chiou, Lin and Perng (2011) utilized substance examination to assess the official tourism sites of each of the 50 states in the United States. Chiappa (2013) introduced a Data Quality Assessment Model for measuring the execution of lodging sites. The model was produced on the premise of a theoretical structure which comprised of five noteworthy lodging site measurements, including offices data, client contact data, reservations data, encompassing zone data, and administration of sites. In connection to the above, Fotis, Buhalis and Rossides (2012) has portrayed that business site improvement normally starts essentially and advances after some time with the expansion more usefulness and many-sided quality as firms addition involvement with Internet innovations. The augmented model of Internet Commerce Adoption (eMICA) created by Huang, Yung and Yang (2011) over this idea. They utilized the eMICA model to assess the level of site improvement in New Zealand's Regional Tourism Organizations and highlighted the utility of utilizing intuitiveness to quantify the relative development of tourism sites. From that point forward, the eMICA model has been utilized much of the time. Jacobsen and Munar (2012) utilized it to assess the level of refinement of the sites of 20 US expresses/regions' tourism associations. Jensen (2012) has additionally utilized the eMICA model to study the electronic trade application level of visit endeavors. Identified Solutions Business process The business process is the main factor for the website designing. For instance, if the business is about online retailing, then the products will be main part of the website design. When the business is about acting as travelling agent, then the travelling location and the transportation type will be central part of the website designing, whereas, for online shopping website several shopping products will be inseparable part (Wbdg.org, 2015). Therefore, in this context, the website will have a dynamic CSS design for different travel location display, top rated location list, rating based location display and discounts. Navigation bar will have certain list of services of booking, cancellation, postponing, availability checking and payment (Simister, 2015). Figure 1: Work Flowchart (Source: Created by author) Web services The website will need to be designed with PHP and CSS, JavaScript for navigation bar, dynamic image marquees. The web services will be travel location booking. Booking process will show a box with inputting some information for instance, traveler name, mail address and date of travelling, exact location, duration of travelling, transport system selection and payment selection. After the user completes the booking process, then the website will send a mail in the inserted e-mail with confirmation link for travelling (Shaw, Saayman and Saayman, 2012). Once the user has confirmed the link, furthermore the journey cannot be cancelled. Again, if user has not yet confirmed he or she can cancel or postpone the journey. In both cases, the user will have to click on journey cancellation or postponing button and in case of cancellation; half of the booking money will be refunded. The availability checking will be performed as per the booking list on a particular journey starting date. If the b ooking process can be possible then the website will show complete booking process notification prior to the booking. Any user can rate the travelling experience as a feedback to the other website. Travelling agency will have discounts in booking price and travel calendar settings (Abou Shouk, Lim and Megicks, 2013). For regular travelers, the calendar will be helpful for putting the location and automatically booking will be completed and portal will seek confirmation from that customer. Semantics The travel agency website will require a powerful semantic searching process. For instance, in the booking process page, there will be internal searching process of location and transportation availability. In the offers page, the searching engine will show the particular journey selection with duration and period (Aldebert, Dang and Longhi, 2011). Again, in the ratings page, the locations will be visible according to the ratings of the website users. Most of the cases, when one user searches for available trip location, then the website will provide images, visiting places view and hotels information. Figure 2: Semantic Web system (Source: Kuhn, Spies and Petzer, 2015, pp. 68) Cloud The website will have dynamic cloud storage for database and data security. The registration data will be stored in cloud backup database. The cloud server will be deployed for scalable development of the website as well as the portal service addition (Chiou, Lin and Perng, 2011). The cloud backup server will be better for dynamic data handling with as well as website development. Mobile web Now in the era of m-commerce, the portal will be developed as it can be accessed in both personal computers and mobiles. The users can have several advantages for portable accessing of the website (Fotis, Buhalis and Rossides, 2012). In this dynamic age of online retailing, the users will appreciate mobile device access of website and they would prefer dynamic travel location booking. In mobile web application, the users will have better experience in travel site booking and location viewing. Mobile applications must be compatible with notification process and users will be notified as per the location availability (Huang, Yung and Yang, 2011). The travel agency organization will have to understand simple customers lifestyle and their demand to provide them discounts. Identified Threats The significant threats in the Information based website will be the following. The threats are discussed as per the threat importance and severity. Privacy One of the most common issues in case of online marketing website maintenance, the privacy is portrayed as primary security concern. The travel agency will have to maintain certain measures for privacy and protection (Shaw, Saayman and Saayman, 2012). The improper access of web portal, customer information collection, analysis, monitoring and confidential data storage will need to be maintained from the website design. The technological design will have purpose of improvement with increasing knowledge and responses. The beneficial usage of database will be holding privacy rights and public policy will need to be challenging as well as complex for privacy preservation (Simister, 2015). The customer will at least have to follow the policy rules for safety and privacy. Trust issues Trust issue is another concern for the travelling agency and henceforth the proposed web service will need to take trust issue as primary priority (Wbdg.org, 2015). The factors are identified as internet shopping, one-to-one trustworthy transaction, external manifestations and others. The customers have to trust the organization for better quality, secure transactions and product offering security (Kuhn, Spies and Petzer, 2015). The organization will have to gain trusty by their services and products. Protection of digital services The portal will have to ensure advantageous role and better protection of customer travelling information. The customers data and sensitive information will be kept secured in database servers. The data will either be protected with encryption or cipher text configuration (Li, Wang, and Yu, 2015). The digitized data and information will need copyright rule to protect from other sites. The websites will have to maintain suitable domain choices. The domains will need to be trademarked as to minimize the counterfeiting vulnerability (Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier, 2015). The domains will be trademarked for affiliating it with their business agency name. Security threats The websites are mainly affected with several threats as identity theft, web cookie poisoning, cyber terrorism, phishing and others. The websites will have to mitigate the risks as well as to development safe and secure payment system to maintain confidential transactions (Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier, 2015). The websites will need to mitigate common attacks as SQL injection, denial of services attacks, viruses and worms. The infected spywares will be affecting the internal data and information sharing threats. These spywares are designed for tracking the sensitive information retrieving from a multi-layer database. The portal will require certain effective protection mechanism to secure them from unwanted consequences (Li, Wang and Yu, 2015). Figure 3: Security threats for website (Source: Murphy, Dang and Chen, 2015, pp. 770) Customer personal characteristics Some researchers have depicted that customers knowledge affects adoption process and engagement with e-commerce. Others demonstrated that consumers experience is a significant factor in electronic retailing (Salavati and Hashim, 2015). Some of them have discusses that customer lifestyle is more progressive and associative with leisure activities increase internet usage more frequently. They prefer searching information through search engine semantics every time. On the contrary, the evidence of portal management added personal development of knowledge as another general characteristic for shopping (Rodriguez-Molina, Frias-Jamilena and Castaneda-Garcia, 2015). The researchers have examined the effectiveness of search engines in view of new objectives and role revision. Figure 4: Use Cases (Source: Created by author) User Satisfaction Any user will become satisfied when he or she informs the service provider with additional reactions and positive or negative opinions for further modifications. Online information is less effort consuming than seeking offline for any product (Murphy, Dang and Chen, 2015). Some researchers have demonstrated that online users have availing several alternatives for brands and as well as the products rather than offline retailing business. For instance, online service availing is less time-consuming and smoother than visiting offline retail shops. In electronic commerce, this is the main motivation to users for being satisfied (Mohd-Any, Winklhofer and Ennew, 2015). These are the main threats and risks in the current website designing whereas, the similar threats may be psychological effect of product search, self-motivation and other situational factors are avoided in this context. Security Solutions In spite of all points of interest of Internet as another circulation channel, there are still individuals who lean toward conventional shopping as they feel a solid requirement for the travel operators' recommendation (Kimbu and Ngoasong, 2013). The hesitance towards Internet shopping is not just because of the absence of human contact, additionally because of the mindfulness portraying individuals in embracing innovations in purchasing travel administrations. By and by, these individuals use Internet to get data, to study offers and to assess options, concluding the purchasing procedure disconnected from the net (Kuhn, Spies and Petzer, 2015). One conceivable reason could be the twofold way of the danger saw when purchasing online not just the danger connected with the administration obtained additionally the danger originating from the innovation (the Internet). Seen danger has been characterized in the writing as a subjective danger that radiates from the instability of negative results (Kirschenbaum, 2013). There are diverse sorts of outcomes that can be connected with the buy and utilization of items or administrations. This is the reason saw danger can take various features, for example, money related, social, mental, physical, execution chances or time hazard. The already depicted aspects of saw danger can be both related to conventional and web shopping. At the point when considering the particular instance of web shopping, a tri-dimensional perspective can be fitting: dangers connected with the item itself, dangers connected with the Internet as the buy mode, and dangers connected with the webpage on which the exchange is made (Mills and Law, 2013). Examining the online setting by a specialist proposed that few saw dangers are particularly or more grounded connected with internet shopping: financial danger, social danger, execution hazard, security hazard, and protection chance, the last two danger measurements being further point by point. Security danger is pretty much joined wit h the budgetary one that essentially alludes to the likelihood of losing the cash paid for an item due to item blames or low execution (Aldebert, Dang and Longhi, 2011). Figure 5: Security in M-commerce (Source: Jacobsen and Munar, 2012, pp. 42) Security danger can really be considered as a budgetary danger with a bigger stake. At the point when paying with charge card over the Internet the purchaser dangers losing all the cash in his financial balance as his own data can be stolen by programmers (Orlov, 2011). A safe exchange is the thing that most shoppers are worried of, security issues in buying online travel administrations are accounted for as significant purposes behind not performing any electronic business exchanges (Ye, Law and Chen, 2011). Concerning danger (likewise called closeness hazard) originates from the way that e-shops for the most part enlist all individual information of their clients, not just the information they are willing to give when finishing the buy frames, additionally information with respect to their action on the site, making a profile for every client. This would not be such a major issue if the e-shops utilized the information just for their own particular hobby (Thaler and Tucker, 2013). Yet, client databases are sold to outsiders all the more oftentimes, presenting purchasers to undesirable promoting messages. Despite the fact that prominent as an essential obstruction to e-trade utilization, saw hazard does not appear to prevent individuals from purchasing online travel administrations. Solution assessment and recommendation As the online websites are surging with exponential rate, how the attraction factor for every website is becoming more critical to this context. According to this paper, the travel agency website can utilize following recommendations for further recognition and establishment. In general, the customer demand must be the central website designing tool. This tool is often avoided while designing and most of the cases the implemented websites suffer from lack of basic demands. Most of the cases, the websites were filled with more history and information with lack of online services. Therefore, the website designer will need to consider important information as well as main preference will be centered on website activity. Some travel agent websites attaches flash videos with their information and tour experience, which is not much appreciated. Every time, users suffer from website loading failure, flash video is the main cause for this incident. On the contrary, the search engine semantics cannot detect the flash videos therefore, important websites are often overlooked by the users. Most of the cases, the flash videos cover the effective information of the front page of the website. As per the general research outcome, the users 30% ineffective clicks on websites often decreases the user motivation of travelling. As per the other websites design, the main factor effecting the website will be the user expectation and experience of online application. The websites often turn out to be unsatisfactory for lack of expected services. The users evaluate the website as peer the updated information with corresponding ratings and reviews. The users mainly follow the popular and famous destinations as per the ratings and reviews. Therefore, the main task for any website developer will be to assessing the user expectation analysis, location review, short description and rating addition facility. Hence, the users have traveled the particular location or good hotel facility experience can add the reviews and ratings for the location. Then other users will be automatically motivated to book for the location or the hotel soon. These are the outlined recommendations in the travelling agency website development. The website will have to balance all the users requirement, expectations, as well as maintain constant attraction for availing services in that particular website. Conclusion and Future Scope For any country, the tourism acts as economical backbone and stands out to be economic support. The new travel agencies are now upgraded with online website and yet newer services addition. Most of the hotel and travel agencies have incorporated electronic commerce as the main business strategy as well as their business performance measures. The online travelling booking, payment and even journey cancellation, postponing facility are making tourism industry dynamic and flexible. Electronic commerce process is not easy for every business to inaugurate with every aspect consideration. Some of the organization may need to change their business strategy as the electronic commerce implementation. For attracting the customers, they might have to adopt certain content addition with information and services for better visibility and access to the customers. Several benefits as well as numerous difficulties for incorporation of e-commerce for tourism and travel agency are present. The advantages are low operating costs, customer interaction, and product choosing over internet, prompt and quicker services. Besides, easy to find better business partnership, users coordinate with customers during off-sessions in case of issues and however, key difficulties are huge investment, lack of human resources practices, customer confidence and loyalty, e-commerce and government policies. For e-commerce in travel agency business, the customer nature has been changed, they are indifferent toward the company it is usual for them to switch the company preference within seconds. To regain customer loyalty, companies have to prove themselves with services incorporation and offer bigger services with customer preferences. According to this paper, the researchers have found the e-commerce benefits in the current context. E-commerce will require several constraints consideration for any organization as well as travel agencies. Although the website development for them may be sufficient to reducing costs, make the services timesaving, get worldwide brand recognition. However, the main limitation will be that the company always has to maintain customer touch as well; companies have to trust on their loyalty. The customers have lesser hesitation in switching companies as they have several variations in travelling organization choices. The electronic commerce is important yet consistent business solution for any organization as well as travelling agencies. References Abou Shouk, M., Lim, W.M. and Megicks, P., (2013). 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